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Political economy is a term used for studying production and trade, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth. ''Political economy'' originated in moral philosophy. It was developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, or ''polities'', hence the term ''political'' economy. In the late 19th century, the term ''economics'' came to replace ''political economy'', coinciding with the publication of an influential textbook by Alfred Marshall in 1890.〔Marshall, Alfred. (1890) ''Principles of Economics''.〕 Earlier, William Stanley Jevons, a proponent of mathematical methods applied to the subject, advocated ''economics'' for brevity and with the hope of the term becoming "the recognised name of a science."〔Jevons, W. Stanley. ''The Theory of Political Economy'', 1879, 2nd ed. (p. xiv. )〕〔Groenwegen, Peter. (1987 ()). "'political economy' and 'economics'", ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 3, pp. 905-06. ()〕 Today, ''political economy'', where it is not used as a synonym for economics, may refer to very different things, including Marxian analysis, applied public-choice approaches emanating from the Chicago school and the Virginia school, or simply the advice given by economists to the government or public on general economic policy or on specific proposals.〔 A rapidly growing mainstream literature from the 1970s has expanded beyond the model of economic policy in which planners maximize utility of a representative individual toward examining how political forces affect the choice of economic policies, especially as to distributional conflicts and political institutions.〔Alesina, Alberto F. (2007:3) "Political Economy," ''NBER Reporter'', (pp. 1-5 ). Abstract-linked-footnotes (version. )〕 It is available as an area of study in certain colleges and universities. ==Etymology== Originally, ''political economy'' meant the study of the conditions under which production or consumption within limited parameters was organized in nation-states. In that way, political economy expanded the emphasis of economics, which comes from the Greek ''oikos'' (meaning "home") and ''nomos'' (meaning "law" or "order"). Thus, political economy was meant to express the laws of production of wealth at the state level, just as economics was the ordering of the home. The phrase ''économie politique'' (translated in English as ''political economy'') first appeared in France in 1615 with the well-known book by Antoine de Montchrétien, ''Traité de l’economie politique''. The French physiocrats, along with Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, Henry George, or Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. The world's first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at the University of Naples Federico II, Italy (then capital city of the Kingdom of Naples). The Neapolitan philosopher Antonio Genovesi was the first tenured professor. In 1763, Joseph von Sonnenfels was appointed a Political Economy chair at the University of Vienna, Austria. Thomas Malthus, in 1805, became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. Glasgow University, where Adam Smith had been Professor of Logic and of Moral Philosophy, changed the name of its Department of Political Economy to the Department of Economics (ostensibly to avoid confusing prospective undergraduates), in the academic year 1997–98. This left the class of 1998 as the last to be graduated with a Master of Arts in Political Economy. In the United States, political economy first was taught at the College of William and Mary, where in 1784, Smith's ''The Wealth of Nations'' was a required textbook.〔Image of 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「political economy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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